MEMORIAL CLOISTERS OF DAITOKU-JI AND MY�SHIN-JI TEMPLES IN THE ED� PERIOD [1596~1868]

Antariksa

Introduction

This study began through a collection of materials based on: Ky�tofu no kinsei shaji kenchiku kinkyu ch�sa h�kokusho (Surveyed reports of Ed� period temples and shrines in Ky�to prefecture, 1983), J�y� bunkazai sh�ri k�ji h�kokusho (Repair and reconstruction reports for important cultural properties, 1972; 1974; 1978; 1994) other historical records, and field research. Besides the above, this study also used as reference the works of several scholars such as: Mitsugu (1963, 1979, 1982); Norio (1972); Fumio (1975) and etc.

The purpose of this study is to attempt to clarify the development and change in the typical plan of the entrance hall and veranda of hond� (kyakuden, h�j�) at Daitoku-ji and My�shin-ji temples in the Ed� period.

Generally, the hond� (kyakuden, h�j�) of memorial cloisters at both Daitoku-ji and My�shin-ji consist of six rooms. To the south of the buildings, there is a hiroen (1 ken veranda). Behind the hiroen, there are three rooms opening to the south. Behind them, on the north side of the building, there is another set of rooms. Among the three southern rooms, the central one is the main room of the hond� (kyakuden, h�j�) and is called shittch�, or �middle chamber.� It is used for performing religious services. Of the rooms found in either side of the central room, the one closer to the entrance is considered as the genkan or shitanoma (lower room) and is called rainoma. The remaining room, is considered the j�kan or uenoma (upper room), and is called the dannanoma (donor�s chamber). These three front rooms, the central room are collectively called the kyakuden (guest�s chamber). Of the three northern rooms, the central room is butsuma (sanctuary) and minz� (sleeping chamber), whereas the eastern room is the shoin and the western room is the ehatsunoma (chamber for clerical robes and begging bowl). (Hirotaro 1961; Hideya 1967; Mitsugu in Ry�ji 1992; and Toshinori 1992).In accordance with the selected memorial cloisters, this study will classify the periods in which hond� (kyakuden, h�j�) were built. The selected memorial cloisters of Daitoku-ji and My�shin-ji temples can be divided into groups of periods. The purpose of grouping by periods is to clarify the development and change of entrance hall and veranda of hond� (kyakuden, h�j�) over a short period of time. At Daitoku-ji temple, can be divided four periods as follows: the late medieval age, from Eisy� 10 [1513] to Tensy� 16 [1588]; the early Ed� period, from Keich� 1 [1596] to Meireki 2 [1656]; the mid-Ed� period, around Kansei 9 [1797]; and the late Ed� period, around nka 14 [1817]. At My�shin-ji temple they can also divided into groups of three period as follows: the early Ed� period from Keich� 4 [1599] up to Meireki 2 [1656]; the mid-Ed� period, from Genroku 6 [1693] up to late 18^th century; and the late Ed� period from Bunsei [1818~30] to Kaei 1 [1848].

The Development and Type of Entrance Hall (genkan)
The entrance hall of memorial cloisters is used by honored guest and private use by the high priest as a place to enter-exit the building (Mitsugu in Ry�ji 1992). The development of entrance hall at memorial cloisters of Daitoku-ji temple can be divided into four periods (Figure 1). During the late medieval age there are two types of entrance hall. Type I, where the entrance hall is placed in front of the right side of the building, and attached to the front veranda. In type IIC, the left and right sides of the front veranda are set freely without attachment to the entrance hall, for instance, at �bai-in hond� (Tensy� 16 [1588]). In the early Ed� period, around Keich� [1596-1615] type IIA appeared. Here, the entrance hall is placed in alignment with the left corner of the front veranda. Finally, in type III, the entrance hall is placed in front of the left side of the building, and attached to the front veranda. Then in the mid-Ed� period, around Kansei 9 [1797] type IIB appeared, the entrance hall is placed in alignment with the right corner of the front veranda, as at Koh�-an hond� (Kansei 9 [1797]). In the late Ed� period, around Bunka 14 [1817] type IIC once again appeared. In each period several types of entrance hall can be found except during the early Ed� period, around Kan�ei 13 [1636] up to Meireki 2 [1656] where all memorial cloisters possessed the same type of entrance hall (see Figure 1 and Table 1).
Memorial cloisters at My�shin-ji temple, types can also be divided into three periods (Figure 2). During the early Ed� period, there are five types of entrance hall. As follows, type IIA, type I, as at My�shin-ji k�h�j� (Keich� 8 [1603], the entrance hall were erected in the late Ed� period and the present condition it was removed (Mitsugu 1982). In the case of Tenky�-in kyakuden (Kan�ei 12 [1635]), the entrance hall, also a splendid form, was erected in Keich� [1596-1615] (Norio 1972). Type IIC, type IIB at T�kai-an kyakuden (early 17^th century), the entrance hall were erected in Kansei 5 [1793] based on the scale of the building and holding the late Ed� period design (Ky�tofu Ky�iku Iinkai, 1983) and type III as seen at My�shin-ji �h�j�. Then during the mid-Ed� period, previously used types, from the early Ed� period, once again appeared, that is type IIB at Reiun-in kyakuden (Genroku 6 [1693]). The entrance hall were erected in late 18^th century based on the cloud form of shashi hijiki (bracket arms) and detail of design (Ky�tofu Ky�iku Iinkai 1983), and type IIC as at Syunk�-in kyakuden (late 18^th century), the entrance hall were probably erected around Tenmei 9 [1789] (Mitsugu 1972). In around Bunsei [1813-30] up to Kaei 1 [1848] type IIA once again appeared (Figure 2 and Table 2).
At memorial cloisters of Daitoku-ji temple, type I existed from the late medieval age around Eisy� 10 [1513] until early Ed� period, around Genna 7 [1621], and type III in around Kan�ei 13 [1636]. At My�shin-ji temple, it can be seen from the early Ed� period, around Keich� 7 [1602] until around Kan�ei 12 [1635], and during the mid-Ed� period, around the late 18^th century up to late Ed� period, around Kaei 1 [1848] type IIC and type IIA existed. These types were not found during the early Ed� period, around the mid-17^th century up to Meireki 2 [1656]. The development of entrance hall in each temple differs from period to period. At memorial cloisters of Daitoku-ji temple, the most common types are type I and type III, where as memorial cloisters at My�shin-ji temple, type IIA and type I are most common. The other memorial cloisters have type IIC and type IIA.

Table 1. The selected memorial cloisters (tacch�) of late medieval age and Ed� period at Daitoku-ji temple.

No	name of clisters	building	length	width	date of construction	entrance hall	veranda
1.	Daisen-in	hond�	14.8m	9.3m	Eisy� 10 (1513)	I	A
2.	Ry�gen-in	hond�	14.8m	11.8m	Eisy� 14 (1517)	I	A
3.	K�rin-in	hond�	14.8m	12 m	Tenbun 1 (1532) ~Eiroku 12 (1569)	I	A
4.	Zuih�-in	hond�	14.9m	11 m	Tenbun 21 (1552) ~ K�ji 3 (1557)	I	A
5.	Juk�-in	hond�	15 m	11.9m	Tensy� 11 (1583)	I	A
6.	�bai-in	hond�	19.2m	15.3m	Tensy� 16 (1588)	IIC	B
7.	Tokuzen-ji	kyakuden	19.9m	15.8m	Keich� (1596-1615)	IIA	B
8.	Gyokurin-in	kyakuden	23.1m	15.0m	Genna 7 (1621)	I	B
9.	Daitoku-ji honb�	h�j�	29.8m	20 m	Kan�ei 13 (1636)	III	B
10	Shinju-an	kyakuden	19 m	14.1m	Kan�ei 15 (1638)	III	B
11.	Sy�on-an	h�j�	18 m	11.9m	J�� 3 (1654)	III	C
12.	Y�toku-in	kyakuden	13.9m	11.9m	Meireki 2 (1656)	III	D
13.	Koh�-an	hond�	17.9m	10 m	Kansei 9 (1797)	IIB	E
14.	Sangen-in	kyakuden	13.8m	9.8m	Bunka 14 (1817)	IIC	A

Table 2. The selected memorial cloisters (tacch�) of Ed� period at My�shin-ji temple.

No	name of clisters	building	length	width	date of construction	entrance hall	veranda
1.	Y�gen-in	kyakuden	15.9m	10.9m	Keich� 4 (1599)	IIA	D
2.	Taiz�-in	kyakuden	17 m	11 m	Keich� 7 (1602)	I	E
3.	My�shin-ji honb�	koh�j�	15.9m	10 m	Keich� 8 (1603)	I	C
4.	K�bai-in	kyakuden	18.9m	11.9m	Keich� 9 (1604)	IIC	E
5.	Ry�an-ji	kyakuden	20.9m	18.2m	Keich� 11 (1606)	I	B
6.	Daisyu-in	kyakuden	12.3m	13.4m	late Keich� (1596-1615)	IIC	E
7.	Sy�taku-in	kyakuden	19.0m	12.0m	Early 17th century	IIB	E
8.	Tenj�-in	kyakuden	17.7m	10.0m	Kan�ei 2 (1625)	I	B
9.	Keisyun-in	kyakuden	13.1m	10.0m	Kan�ei 8 (1631)	IIA	D
10	Daishin-in	kyakuden	19.0m	12.9m	Kan�ei 11 (1634)	IIA	E
11.	Tenky�-in	kyakuden	19.0m	12.9m	Kan�ei 12 (1635)	I	E
12.	Rinsy�-in	kyakuden	16.9m	12.0m	Kan�ei 13 (1636)	IIC	D
13.	T�kai-an	kyakuden	18.9m	12.7m	mid-17th century	IIB	E
14.	My�shin-ji honb�	�h�j�	29.6m	21.7m	J�� 3 (1654)	III	B
15.	Gyokuho-in	h�j�	18.7m	10.8m	Meireki 2 (1656)	IIB	E
16.	Reiun-in	kyakuden	18.9m	11.9m	Genroku 6 (1693)	IIB	E
17.	Syunk�-in	kyakuden	21.2m	14.0m	late 18th century	IIC	E
18.	Rinka-in	kyakuden	22.2m	18.8m	Bunsei (1818-1830)	IIA	E
19.	Ry�sen-an	kyakuden	25.9m	14.9m	Kaei 1 (1848)	IIA	E

Figure 1. The development of entrance hall (genkan) at memorial cloisters of Daitoku-ji temple.

Figure 2. The development of entrance hall (genkan) at memorial cloisters of My�shin-ji temple.

Entrence hall (genkan):
Type I = where the entrance hall is placed in front of the right side of the building attached to the front veranda.
Type IIA = where the entrance hall is placed in a row at the left side of the corner of front veranda.
Type IIB = where the entrance hall is placed in a row at the right side of the corner of front veranda.
Type IIC = where the lef and right sides of front veranda are set freely without the entrance hall.
Type III = where the entrance hall is placed to the front of the left side of the building attached to the front veranda.

The Position of Entrance Hall
In accordance with the development of types of entrance hall, this study finds the following reasons related to the placement of the entrance hall. Firstly, it is probable that the position of the entrance hall is related to the position of kuri (temple-kitchen). The linkage position of genkan (entrance hall) is representing of the place between host and guest side has distance (Mitsugu in Ry�ji 1992). Originally, the character of Ed� period kuri is the priest maid of honor or for receiving guest (Hideya in Mitsugu 1963). The kyakuden and kuri together in one building take on a east to west (right to left) linear arrangement, kyakuden being placed at the east (right) and temple-kitchen then to the west (left). If the temple-kitchen is placed at the left (western) side then the position of entrance hall is usually at the front right side of the kyakuden attached to the front veranda, or the entrance hall is aligned with the right side at the corner of the front veranda. The reverse applies for those buildings left aligned.The second possibility is that the placement of memorial cloisters toward the main street affected the entrance hall. The position of the entrance hall would then be easy to reach for guest from the main street. If the position of the main street had a south-north direction and was situated on the right side of the building then the entrance hall seems to have been placed at the front right side of the building and attached to the front veranda. In otherwise placed at the right side of the corner of the front veranda, likewise on the opposite side.

Type of Veranda (hiroen)
The Development of Veranda
The development of veranda at memorial cloisters of Daitoku-ji can be divided into groups of four periods (Figure 3). In the late medieval age, there were two types of veranda; type A, where the right, left and rear sides of the building are surrounded by shallow-veranda and the front with 1 ken veranda (ken= traditional unit of measure equivalent to 6 shaku or approximately 1.82 meters). In type B, the right, left, rear and front sides of the building are all surrounded by 1 ken veranda. During the early Ed� period, around Keich� 1 [1596] up to Kan�ei 15 [1683] type B became common, for instance, at Shinj�-an kyakuden (Kan�ei 15 [1638]), originally, the 1 ken veranda surrounded the front, rear, right and left sides of the building. Then, during reconstruction in Kan�ei 19 [1638] it was reformed at the front side of the sanctuary one part of the rear side veranda was taken inside (Mitsugu 1979; and Monbush� Bunkac� Ch�kan 1975).
At Gyokurin-in kyakuden (Genna 7 [1621]), originally, the rear side of the sanctuary was 1 ken veranda, but during renovation at shinzen (front of the Buddhist altar) and minz� (sleeping chamber) moved to the rear side of 1 ken veranda. At the right side veranda originally is 1 ken veranda arranged with wooden boards� floor, later supplement covered with six tatami mats (Ky�tofu Ky�iku Iinkai, 1983). In type C, the left and rear sides of the building have a shallow-veranda, and the right and front sides have a 1 ken veranda, as at Sy�on-an h�j� (J�� 3 [1654]). Type D, surrounds the left, rear and front sides of the building with a 1 ken veranda, and only the right side has a shallow-veranda, as at Yotoku-in kyakuden (Meireki 2 [1656]). At the rear side veranda small of the rooms and the store room reformed the rear side of the sanctuary was expanded out by 0.5 ken (Ky�tofu Ky�iku Iinkai 1983). During the mid-Ed� period around Kansei 9 [1797] still another type appears. Type E gives a 1 ken veranda to the left, right and front sides of the building; the rear side has a shallow-veranda, as at Koh�-a hond� (Kansei 9 [1797]). The sayanoma (the long and thin of space) that placed at the left, right, rear or front sides of the building. Usually, the floor is covered tatami mats and both sides closed with sliding screens or sliding doors) is placed at the western side of three chambers. The 1 ken veranda are surrounded the front and right sides of the building (Fumio 1975), Likewise type A reappears in the late Ed� period, around Bunka 14 [1817], as at Sangen-in kyakuden (Bunka 14 [1817]). Later, at the left side veranda, two chambers are built. Those were extended is in Keich� 20 [1615] (Mitsugu 1963). At My�shin-ji temple as well, it can be divided by groups of four periods (see Figure 4). In the early Ed� period, there are four types of veranda, type B, C, D and E. Type E at Sy�taku-in kyakuden (early 17^th century) probably at the right and left sides of the building were surrounded by 1 ken veranda. However, in its present condition, both sides of the 1 ken veranda have become sayanoma. Type C can be seen at K�bai-in kyakuden (Keich� 9 [1604]). In the case of this building indeed that the original type of veranda was not type C, but type E. Because, in H�reki 10 [1760] was reformed at shallow-veranda on the left side of the building to replace sayanoma. (Ky�tofu Ky�iku Iinkai 1978)
In the early Ed� period type B, for example, at Tenj�-in kyakuden (Kan�ei 2 [1625]), probably also had a 1 ken veranda on the left side (Norio, 1972). Originally, the left side of the building had a 1 ken veranda. On the basis of the restoration plan, the left of 1 ken veranda was changed to sayanoma covered with tatami mats (Figure 5). Type D and Type E continued to be used, for instance, at Tenky�-in kyakuden (Kan�ei 12 [1635]). Originally, the right and left sides of the building was 1 ken veranda (Fumio 1975). Type E and B once again appeared in the early Ed� period, around Genroku 6 [1693] up to the late Ed� period, around Ka�ei 1 [1848] the verandas of all memorial cloisters were rearranged with type E, for instance, at Syunk�-in kyakuden (late 18^th century). The front, right and left sides of the building are surrounded by 1 ken veranda, the width of the front 1 ken veranda is 1.5 ken. The right and left sides of 1 ken veranda are covered tatami mats even 1.5 ken, and the outer sides are surrounded by sliding doors (Ky�tofu Ky�iku Iinkai 1978; and Norio 1972). At Ry�sen-an kyakuden (Ka�ei 1 [1848]), in which the originals of the right and left sides were probably arranged with wooden boards floors. In its present condition it has become sayanoma with a width of 1.5 ken.
At Daitoku-ji temple, type B was used from the late medieval age through the early Ed� period. Type C and type D existed for a short time during the early Ed� period, around J�� 3 [1654] up to Meireki 2 [1656], and type E during the mid-Ed� period, around Keich� 7 [1602] up to the late Ed� period, around Ka�ei 1 [1848]. The development and change of the verandas took into consideration the increasing numbers of religious services, memorial services, the patrons who gave active support to the temple and also the increasing number of worshipers, which support to the temple. This also applies to the construction of other facilities to accommodate the needed space for circulation. In the early Ed� period, the original composition of veranda inside of the kyakuden at the front were the 1 ken veranda, and the right, left and rear sides of the building set the entrance side veranda. The reason was that the entire building of the ridge direction and span, of each column spacing increased. The other was that the priest had a living room constructed in a separate building (Mitsugu 1979). Further, even the 1 ken veranda was changed into sayanoma and was used as a room for rest during the religious services.

Figure 3. The development of veranda (hiroen) at memorial cloisters of Daitoku-ji temple.
Figure 4. The development of veranda (hiroen) at memorial cloisters of My�shin-ji temple.

Veranda (hiroen):
Type A = where the right, left and rear sides of the building are surrounded with shallow-veranda, and the front side with 1 ken veranda.
Type B = where the right, left, rear and front sides of the building are surrounded 1 ken veranda.
Type C = where the left and rear sides of the building are surrounded shallow-veranda, and the right and front sides with 1 ken veranda.
Type D = where the left, rear, and front sides of the building are surrounded 1 ken veranda, and the right side with shallow veranda.
Type E = where the left, rear and front sides of the building are surrounded 1 ken veranda and the rear side with shallow-veranda.

Figure 5. Tenj�-in kyakuden (Kan�ei 2 [1625]). On the basis of restoration plan, the left side of the building was changed to sayanoma covered with tatami mats.

Conclusion
In the latter part of the medieval age, the independence of the memorial cloisters within the organization of the temple increased. Most of the memorial cloisters developed mainly through the two great monasteries, Daitoku-ji and My�shin-ji. On the basis of restoration plans of memorial cloisters at Daitoku-ji and My�shin-ji temples that were built in the Ed� period [1596~1868]. It is evident that the position of the entrance hall is always close to the temple kitchen (kuri). If the temple kitchen is placed at the left side, then the position of the entrance hall is placed in front of the right side of the building, and attached to the front veranda. Otherwise, the entrance hall is aligned with the right side of the front veranda. The placement of memorial cloisters toward the main street that the entrance hall was also placed within close reach of the main street for the convenience of the guest. The main street was located on a south-north axis and situated on the right side of the building. Then the entrance hall was placed in front of the right side of the building and attached to the front veranda, or it was placed at the eastern side of the front veranda. However, if the main street was situated at the front side of the building running east-west axis (right-left), the entrance hall was constructed on the one side of the building. Which was closest to the building and the temple kitchen? The development and changing of types of veranda was due to the increasing number of religious services, memorial services, the patrons and of worshipers which support to the temple; as is also true for the construction of other facilities, it was necessary to create space for circulation.

Reference
Fumio, H. 1975. Nihon no Bijutsu 10: sh�bo � h�j� � kuri (Japanese art 10: Priest�s living quarter�s � an abbot chamber � temple-kitchen). Vol. 161. Tokyo: Shibund�. Hideya, Y. 1967. Zen�in no Kenchiku (Architecture of Zen temples). Tokyo: Shokokusha. Hirotaro, O. 1961. Ky� no Zendera (Zen temples in Kyot�).
Kyot�: Tanko Shinsa. Ky�tofu Ky�iku Iinkai, 1978, J�y� Bunkazai K�bai-in hond� sh�ri k�ji h�kokush� (Repair and reconstruction reports for important cultural properties of the main hall of K�bai-in temple). Kyoto: Ky�tofu Ky�ikucho Shid� Bunkazai H�goka.
Ky�tofu Ky�iku Iinkai. 1983. Ky�tofu no kinsei shaji kenchiku kinky� ch�sa h�kokusho (Survey reports on Ed� period temples and shrines in Ky�to prefecture). Kyoto: Ky�tofu Ky�iku Iinkai Bunkazai H�goka.
Mitsugu. K. 1963, �Daitoku-ji no tacch� no kuri� (On priest�s chamber in temple-kitchen of Daitoku-ji). the Journal Of Architectural History. No. 33. Tokyo: Sh�kokusha.
Mitsugu, K. 1979. Nihon Koji Bijutsu Zensh�: Daitoku-ji (Complete collection of Japanese ancient art: Daitoku-ji temple). Vol. 23. Tokyo: Shueisha.
Mitsugu, K. 1982. Nihon Koji Bijutsu Zensh�: My�shin-ji (Complete collection of Japanese ancient art: My�shin-ji temple), vol. 24, Shueisha.
Mombush� Bunkach� Ch�kan. 1975, J�y� Bunkazai Kenz�butsu V (Important cultural building properties). Vol. 16. Tokyo: Mainichi Shimbunsha.
Norio, N. 1972. My�shin-ji Taikan (A general view of My�shin-ji temple) Kyoto: My�shin-ji ha Shumu Honsh�.
Ry�ji, M. 1992, Nihon Meikenchiku Shashin Sensh�: Daitoku-ji (Complete photograph of Japanese famous architecture: Daitoku-ji temple). Vol. 12. Tokyo: Shinchosha.
Toshinori, N. 1992, Early History of the Teahouse Part III. Chanoyu Quarterly (Tea and The Arts of Japan, No. 71). p. 31.

Artikel ini telah dipublikasikan dalam versi ilmiah pada tahun 2002, dengan judul The Types of Plans and Interior Design at Memorial Cloisters of Daitoku-ji and Myoshin-ji Temples in Kyoto, in the Edo Period [1596~1868] �The Development and Changes of The Entrance Hall and Veranda�, Jurnal TEKNISIA Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan, Universitas Islam Indonesia. VIII (2): 116�124. ISSN: 0853-8557.

Copyright � 2008 by antariksa

Baca Selengkapnya »