Antariksa, Nindya Sari, Tri Kurnia Hadi Muktining Nur
ABSTRACT
�Using� is one of the Indonesian ethnic groups concentrated in Banyuwangi Regency. The settlement of �Using� community has decreased nowadays. Kemiren Village is one of district in Banyuwangi Regency which maintain �Using� tradition. The objective is to identify settlement pattern characteristics of �Using� community in Kemiren Village. The method used in this study is descriptive explorative. The result shows that macro settlement pattern is formed by socio cultural, building physically, land use and cultural spaces in a macro manner. Socio cultural and religion activity could form space pattern temporarily in the settlement, such as house, yard, art workshop, main road and water spring. In micro scale, the settlement pattern was affected by the cosmological orientation of the building which face the main road and North-South orientation; the building structure identified through roof type and space pattern inside building; also the layout of the building related kinship system. Surging landscape made the settlement centered into the flatter area, in the middle of territory. The settlement grows tend to agglomerate along main road was surrounded by agriculture area.
Keywords: settlement pattern, �Using� community
I. INTRODUCTION
Cultural heritage is represent of physical culture (tangible) and cultural values (intangible) of the past. Cultural heritage community's in an area which is formed through a long history of hereditary happens from several generations (Karmadi 2007:1). Cultural heritage in a traditional society can be reflected in their settlement patterns. Cultural element is an essential element framer of the settlement pattern and architectural style of their building residence. One of the cultural heritages which exist in Banyuwangi regency is the �Using� community. The settlement area of �Using� community is still maintained but the customs and traditions progressively decreases with the numbers of the villages were decreased. One of the villages�s which the community still keeps the customs and traditions are the �Using� community in
As a community, the communities of �Using� also have identity that differently with other communities, among of the others is the dialectic, cultural tradition and customary house. The cosmological orientation of the �Using� customary house is north-south direction, but at the present the houses has the more orientation direction based on ease achievement and circulation. Based on the background above, the problem formulation is how the characteristic of settlement pattern of �Using� community and the aims of this study is to identify the characteristic of their settlement pattern.
II. RESEARCH METHODS
The method used in this study is to identify settlement patterns community based on socio-cultural with explorative-descriptive analysis, behavioral mapping analysis, and family tree analysis. The �Using� sampling is still the original house with a total number of 117 houses, with consideration tikel balung, baresan or crocogan roofed house, dirt floors, roji/gedeg wood-paneled, as well as the function is as a residential building.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The �Using� community settlement patterns in Kemiren Village can be identified based on three aspects, social cultural aspect, micro residential housing patterns, and macro settlement patterns.
3.1 Social Cultural Elements of Settlements Forming
1. Historical formation of the village
In non-physical narrative formation of
2. Patron of kampong guards
As non-physical characteristic is marked by the existence of is regarded as a supernatural patron of Kemiren village, namely Buyut Cili. A physically form is a tomb of Buyut Cili. The community considered that Buyut Cili is a guard of Kemiren village from all calamities, so that in all actions and activities are always asking permission to entered Buyut Cili�s tomb with ritual in every Sunday and Thursday.
3. Community groups.
According to Aliyah (2004:35) residential community can be formed by grouping of professions, so in this settlement has a settlement pattern that is not based on the pattern of tenant. In non-physical settlements in Kemiren village is formed from community groups who work in the field of arts. The existing arts groups are such as gandrung, barong, angklung, gedogan, kuntulan, jaran kencak, mocoan lontar, and bordah. Physically, the existence of communities group is marked by a studio art as a place to exercise together. Activities of community groups can form a pattern of movement of the cluster at each studio art at the settlements in Kemiren village.
4. Religious activities
The majority population in Kemiren village professes Islamic. Religious activities which do quite a lot, but there are some activities that are always performed and celebrated in a celebration that include Suroan, Isra Mi`raj, Nuzulul Quran, Muludan, Idul Fitri and Idul Adha events. Religious activity is an event involving the entire Muslim community in Kemiren village, so the space used is the macro space, namely the mosque. In Kemiren village there is only one mosque, so that the movement patterns of religious activity is the focus of several points toward a point on the mosques.
5. Kinship
The kinship pattern in �Using� community is taking into consideration a bilateral kinship from siding with men or women. Tradition of �Using� community in determining the house location for the children is placed in front of the parent�s house. Houses for the children will be placed on the land at the front or nearest the main road, and parents will give in getting land back or at least away from the main road. However, this applies to only one hereditary. Thus, land occupancy for �Using� people, like "land sustainability" between himself and the next generation.
Based on field observations, obtained two samples representing the pattern of �Using� community residence in Kemiren village. The first residential patterns tend to be oriented on the main road and north of the village, and form a pattern that is straight back, which is for the first children's house is closest to the public road, the second is the house's of second child, third place is the house of a third child, whereas the rear is an parents house. The residential patterns of the two leftist line shape with the sequence of the far right house is the house of the parents, the left house is for the first child, and most left the house is for the second child house's.
3.2 Occupancy of Micro Housing Patterns
1. Physical building
The basic form of �Using� house is not being acquainted with hierarchy which be related to social structures of �Using� community that inclined an egalitarian society (do not know the hierarchy/stratification in community relations). The �Using� form house can be known through the roof shape consisting of three types, namely cerocogan, baresan, and tikel balung.
The use of three types of �Using� house roof is to show the harmony of a family to the general public views. The entire �Using� house gives the closed impression as characteristic expressions �Using� community in the past, especially in the Dutch colonial period that tends to get suspicious and closed. The outer wall used a motifs gedhek piphil without windows and the front wall of the house use roji as a bastion and means of reconnaissance. Based on survey results of the 117 original houses, mostly used the roof tikel balung (37.61%) and tikel balung Cerocogan (35.90%). The number of roofs are used varies among the house with one roof as much as 52.99%, two roof as much as 41.03%, and three roof 5.98%, at most is a house that uses one roof. Viewed from the variation of roof forms, the type of roof is widely used a type of tikel balung and cerocogan. For the houses that have been changed, the type of roof that is used mostly not follows the �Using� tradition and the shaped like a modern building in general.
The majority of houses that exist in Kemiren village are old building house. Based on the results of a survey on the 117 original houses, the greatest percentage (58.61%) indicated that the house livable has more than 50 years of age. Viewed from the original house construction in the Kemiren village only composed of a wooden wall and gedeg, but had the strength that exceeds the house which used a brick wall. Although the construction is only made of wood, the original house can imperishable from an attack by rodents because gedeg or timber wall does not stick to the ground. Between the ground and walls have a distance between 50-10 cm. This constitutes one of imperishable factors of �Using� house until several decades. The building function on all original �Using� houses is for shelter.
The ownership status can be divided into two, namely the housing status ownership and land ownership status. Most of the existing house is inherited from their parents (66%), while the least is that buying a house because people who buy houses in Kemiren village typically are people who are not native to Kemiren village. The native communities of the
The �Using� house that built in the past constitutes a heritage house hereditary have cosmological orientation, namely the North-South, which is influenced by previous beliefs that the house should not be facing the mountain. In addition, facing of the house also must face to lurung (road). Based on field observations most of the �Using� houses in Kemiren village still facing north and south. Construction of new roads resulting in new built houses tends to follow the road cause as to facilitate access and circulation. Houses facing orientation that are in the second rear line followed the house facing orientation that situated on the edge of turn road that have a direction facing to the road.
Territorial limits area of personal authority or land boundary may reflect the existing social strata in their community. In non-physically of �Using� community constitute a group of ordinary people who do not have the social strata in which a physically every personal authority area of �Using� community there are no definite boundaries. Land boundary at the original houses of 35.9% did not have a land border, 29.06% of land area boundary stone, bordered by plants 16.24%, 9.40% limit in the form of ditches and land boundary fence 9.40%.
3.3 The Structures of Living Quarters and Buildings Arrangement
Types of rooms in the �Using� house can be divided into the main room and supporting room. The main room is a room that is always exists at �Using� house, which is the bale, jrumah, and pawon. At the present time, bale is located at the front of the house and has public character. Jrumah is located in the middle part and the most private character. Pawon located behind the house that serves as kitchen. Supporting room is an additional room that does not always exist in every �Using� house among them is the ampere, ampok, pendopo and lumbung. Amper is a public space located on the front of the house. Ampok is an additional room located on the left or right side of the �Using� house. Pendopo is a divider room between jrumah and pawon. Lumbung is a place to store grain. In each house there is also kiling a marker of private space territory.
At the present interior room pattern of the �Using� house is bale-jrumah-pawon. This room pattern changes after the independence. In the period before independence, the composition of existing room pattern reversed, i.e. pawon-jrumah-bale (Figure 9). Pawon located on the front in order to disguise Bale as meeting rooms, with the front wall is equipped with roji useful to peep at situation outside the house. Changes in the room pattern in the house did not influence alongside the settlement pattern as physical but the effect toward community movement patterns of settlement communities. The movement pattern before the interior room change in the house is more closed and stealth with its main access is a rice fields and unirrigated fields, while the pattern of movement after a change of room after independence is more impressed open with the main access is the road.
Building arrangement pattern of �Using� house is prosperous modest, that there is only one building houses and rice barns. In the colonial period, barns are located at the front of the house approach near the road. Along with changes in the interior room pattern house with the transfer of bale to the front approaching the main road, the influence of building arrangement is for placing of the rice barn. Another factor is the location of rice barns that are be place separated with a house caused occur a lot of rice robbery, so that at the current location of barns are inserted into the houses which are generally placed in pawon.
In connection with the composition of room, there is a different form of house composition. �Using� house can be divided into three classes, namely a house with three roofs, two roofs, and one roof. The composition of the main room (bale, jrumah and pawon) on one roof of a house entirely located within one roof, at two roof house composition pawon generally located at the second roof; and at the three roof house each room are placed in different roof.
3.4 Macro Settlement Pattern
1. Settlement development
Based on folklore, Kemiren village formed from deforestation walnut and durian turn into settlements. Deforestation began in the 1830s to create a main road that runs from east to west. In accordance with the orientation of the cosmological, settlement communities in antiquity purposely arranged to follow the main road north-south orientation to the street.
Development pattern of �Using� communities settlement is slowly still follow the main road. Based on development, community settlement tends to lead to the west. With the construction of new roads, settlements community expands towards to the new roads.
2. Thypology of settlements
According to Jayadinata (1992), the settlement pattern consists of two kinds, namely the settlement pattern of concentric (settlement concentrated in the road settlements, settlement concentrated along the roads, settlements concentric squares, curb settlement, and settlement development centers) and dispersed settlement patterns. Based on these types of settlements, settlements in Kemiren Villages are belonging into the types of concentric settlements along the road. Community settlement centered in the middle of the village area which is surrounded by vast agricultural areas and its development tends a linear two-sided to follow village main road which is placed right in the middle stretches of the village from west to east.
3. Village land use
Most of Kemiren village area is a farming area. Beginning from clearing for a forest that for agricultural field and settlement. From year to year the settlement is growing by acquiring the agricultural land for settlements. The expanding of settlements is affect the construction of new alleys, and the increasing need for public facilities such as religious services, education facilities and health facilities.
The topography condition of Kemiren village area is undulating. Physical limits of Kemiren village area on the north and south is a river. This river is also having a function as a source of irrigation rice field. The agricultural land still dominates in area of Kemiren village till the present. Village main road stretches from east to west that seemed to divide Kemiren village into two parts and the settlements tend to accumulate in the middle of the village and follow the main road. In the central part of Kemiren village area has a fairly flat topography than in the north and south, so that settlements are also located in the area. Shows that the topography is undulating and the settlements of Kemiren village expand follow the main road. Mosque positions in residential areas located in the middle of the settlement and placed at the highest point which indicates that the mosque is a sacred building for the community of Kemiren village, while the position of the tomb was in the most eastern part and in low areas.
Topography of the north-south shows in the area of Kemiren Village is more corrugated than the west-east. Existing land use is more varied, on the north and south is through two rivers flowing that function to irrigate the fields in the surrounding area. Settlements clustered in the central part of its territory is relatively flat and facing the main road. On the outside of the settlements there is a water source functioning for water resources of the residents. At the highest point, there is a tomb of Buyut Cili which is the figure (dahnyang) that is trusted as a protector of Kemiren village. This tomb is a place that is considered most sacred, in addition to believe the invisible figure; the community is also always carrying out ceremonial in this cemetery twice a week.
4. Cultural Space
Historical sites, functions and interests of existing spaces on the settlements, and cultural determinations that appear on the settlement of space determines the structure of the existing cultural spaces in the Village Kemiren. Based on the cultural spaces that created by the existence of community activities, it is known that there are elements within the community settlements in Villages Using Kemiren, which include: road, art studio, mosque, tomb, rice field and water springs. Laying of the settlement elements can be composing a systematic space.
IV. CONCLUSION
Based on some socio-cultural variables which influence to settlement patterns find interrelatedness between histories, social and cultural activities, topography, and kinship systems with the formation of settlement patterns community on a macro level. The tendency of the space used in cultural activities is a house, main road, mosques and tombs of Buyut Cili in which the movement activities is to form a pattern that follows the existing of settlements pattern. Settlement pattern is formed from a house pattern, the pattern of kinship and home orientation with supported by topographical conditions in the area Kemiren village, so that patterns tend to cluster and linear settlements along the road. The characteristic of cosmic and sacred that are still be trusted by the community can set up a cultural space that regularly and systematically in settlements space in Kemiren village.
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Makalah di atas telah dipresentasikan dalam International Conference �Local Wisdom in Global Era Enhancing the locality in Architecture, Housing and Urban Environment�, Department of Architecture Engineering Faculty � Duta Wacana Christian University, Yogyakarta 21-22 January 2011
Antariksa � 2011
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